They were called witches because they were believed to move through the life others could not see—a life of unseen forces, remedies, misfortune, and influence that early communities understood through both spiritual and practical frameworks. A life that is neither good nor bad, but simply is. “Is” in its movement, “is” in its recourse.
The rigid line of cause and effect—still forming, still contested as religious belief, folk knowledge, and emerging scientific reasoning overlapped—could not fully contain what people experienced as uncertainty. Illness, loss, failed harvests, sudden death: these did not yet belong neatly to nature or chance alone. Religion itself had been born in response to this uncertainty, to make the unknowable certain, to control the uncontrollable, to offer a structure where none had existed before. It provided meaning where none seemed to be. But in that framework, everything had to fit. When the world defied neat categorization, it invited fear, and fear was often directed outward—toward the unknown, the unseen, the unexplainable. These uncertainties returned, again and again, demanding explanation. And in that demand, distortion took shape.
Now refracted through fear and interpretation, the witches were sent to the forests, to gather, to chant, to live at the edges of the communal world. And this was called ugly. This was called evil. As men shouted into their faces, accusations hardened into certainty—despicable things born of their own anxieties, deliberately persecuting others for misfortune they could not otherwise explain, for forces they could not otherwise control.
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